En basit örneklerle açıklamak gerekirse
console.log( [1, 2, 3].includes(2) ) // true
console.log( [1, 2, 3].includes(4) ) // false
console.log( [1, 2, 3].includes(3, 3) ) // false
console.log( [1, 2, 3].includes(3, -1) ) // true
console.log( [1, 2, NaN].includes(NaN) ) // true